Sustainability

17 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Towards a Butterfly Economy: Reimagining Economics for Healthy Human–Nature Relationships

by Joeri Sol

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041995 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

It is widely accepted that preserving biodiversity requires transformative change and, perhaps foremost, demands a paradigm shift in economic scholarship. The prevailing neoclassical growth-based status quo is too often detached from nature and, as a result, ill-equipped to offer insights on how to [...] Read more.

It is widely accepted that preserving biodiversity requires transformative change and, perhaps foremost, demands a paradigm shift in economic scholarship. The prevailing neoclassical growth-based status quo is too often detached from nature and, as a result, ill-equipped to offer insights on how to halt biodiversity loss. This perspective paper builds on the famous cowboy–spaceman economy distinction by presenting an analogy from the natural world. Proposals from post-growth schools of economic thought on how to induce metamorphosis of the growth-based caterpillar economy are described. Thereafter, an exploration is undertaken of a butterfly economy based on three propositions: embed economics in ecosystems, in systems thinking, and in human–nature relationships. Herein, examples are provided of nature-literate economics, policy implications are discussed, and an actionable research agenda is outlined. The perspective closes by drawing on discussions from conservation sciences to inspire the design of an economic framework conducive to healthy human–nature relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shifting Paradigms: Reimagining Human-Nature Relationships for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation)

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50 pages, 2207 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Life Cycle Assessment of Power Plants: A Systematic Review of Environmental Impacts Across Electricity Generation Technologies

by Beatrice Marchi, Enrico Bertagna and Lucio E. Zavanella

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041994 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impact of power generation systems and inform energy and climate policy decisions. In recent years, numerous LCA studies have examined the life-cycle implications of power plants utilizing renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel [...] Read more.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impact of power generation systems and inform energy and climate policy decisions. In recent years, numerous LCA studies have examined the life-cycle implications of power plants utilizing renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel technologies. Nevertheless, the resultant data is fragmented, exhibiting significant diversity among investigations attributable to disparities in system boundaries, technical assumptions, and methodological selections. This document offers a systematic overview of peer-reviewed LCA studies and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) evaluating the environmental implications of predominant power production technologies, such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydropower, nuclear, and natural gas power plants. Various environmental effect categories are evaluated, with a specific focus on Global Warming Potential as the most frequently reported and policy-relevant metric. The review consolidates documented impact ranges, assesses the effects of plant size and technological design, and evaluates the contribution of several life cycle stages to overall environmental performance. The findings emphasize prevalent tendencies and significant variability among technologies and studies, illustrating the susceptibility of LCA results to modeling assumptions and data sources. Although current LCAs offer relevant insights into the environmental impact of electricity generation, the review highlights enduring methodological deficiencies, particularly the inadequate handling of uncertainty, the static portrayal of long-lasting infrastructures, and the lack of explicit attention to technological risk. This study consolidates and critically evaluates existing literature, providing a thorough reference on the life-cycle environmental consequences of power plants and facilitating a more educated interpretation of LCA results within energy system planning and policy analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Renewable Energy Supply and Sustainability Transitions: System Performance, Industrial Integration, and Risk-Aware Assessment)

20 pages, 531 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Performance-Based Model for Enterprise Transition Toward Sustainability Applicable to the Mexican Context

by María C. Martínez-Cuevas, Alejandro D. Camacho, Mariana Marcelino-Aranda, Blanca E. Gutiérrez-Barba and Cinthia Y. Velazquez-Ramos

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041993 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

There are several frameworks for corporate sustainability indicators (GRI, B-LAB, WBCSD, etc.) which allow for the selection of indicators based on convenience or subjective criteria. In this work, we aim to propose a common framework based on relevant indicators for companies operating in [...] Read more.

There are several frameworks for corporate sustainability indicators (GRI, B-LAB, WBCSD, etc.) which allow for the selection of indicators based on convenience or subjective criteria. In this work, we aim to propose a common framework based on relevant indicators for companies operating in the Mexican context to provide a basis for their transition to sustainability. We analyzed five international corporate sustainability indicator frameworks and decided to use the CoP, BIA, and CSA evaluation tools. The set of indicators (n = 294) was evaluated by a panel of judges with profiles covering several fields of sustainability, followed by an analysis of agreement using Kendall’s W. The weighting for each judge was equally distributed, and the TOPSIS Multicriteria Decision Method (MCDM) was used to calculate the Relative Proximity Coefficient (RPC) for each indicator. The RPC values were stratified into priority levels and used to build a model to guide Mexican enterprises toward sustainability, which indicates that planet factors initially have the highest priority. As the company grows, it should incorporate more sustainable elements across the social, governance, and prosperity spheres. The model may serve as a roadmap for companies seeking sustainability. Full article

18 pages, 302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Transition and Disruption of Rural Communities in Northern Greece: The Role of Territorial Intelligence

by Stavriani Koutsou, Georgios Kountios and Athanasios Ragkos

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041992 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Rural areas have undergone profound restructuring in recent decades, due to renewable energy projects that often overlap with traditional agricultural land uses. While most studies focus on technical issues, policy measures and social acceptability, research on the material socio-economic disruptions to rural life [...] Read more.

Rural areas have undergone profound restructuring in recent decades, due to renewable energy projects that often overlap with traditional agricultural land uses. While most studies focus on technical issues, policy measures and social acceptability, research on the material socio-economic disruptions to rural life and the specific role of local territorial intelligence is lacking. Using a qualitative method, we investigated the impacts of photovoltaic parks on two distinct rural communities in northern Greece. Findings indicate that these projects caused significant socio-economic shifts, including decline in livestock and agriculture and social fragmentation. Limited territorial intelligence resulted in communities becoming “passive non-recipients” of the transition. This work highlights the need for participatory governance and “territorial observatories” to ensure energy projects contribute to sustainable rural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development)

32 pages, 7852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Building Retrofit Strategies Toward NZEB Targets in Hot Climatic Contexts

by Mohanad M. Ibrahim, Micheal A. William, Aly M. Elharidi, Ahmed A. Hanafy and María José Suárez-López

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041991 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

In response to growing energy demands and climate pressure in hot regions, this study presents an integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment of building envelope retrofit strategies aimed at facilitating the transition of existing buildings toward Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) targets. Three advanced retrofit [...] Read more.

In response to growing energy demands and climate pressure in hot regions, this study presents an integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment of building envelope retrofit strategies aimed at facilitating the transition of existing buildings toward Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) targets. Three advanced retrofit solutions—radiative coatings (RC), glazing-integrated photovoltaic (GIPV) systems, and solar green roofs—are evaluated using a validated building performance simulation framework across four representative climatic zones in Egypt. The results demonstrate that radiative coatings provide the most favorable economic performance, achieving return on investment (ROI) values between 12.37% and 21.72% and payback periods ranging from 3.5 to 6.2 years. Solar green roofs and GIPV systems deliver substantial reductions in annual electricity consumption and operational CO₂ emissions, with their performance strongly influenced by climatic conditions and cooling demand intensity. Solar green roofs achieve ROI values of 5.15–6.54% with payback periods of 11.7–14.9 years, while GIPV systems yield ROI values of 4.0–5.24% and payback periods between 14.6 and 17.1 years. Overall, the findings indicate that climate-adapted envelope retrofit strategies can significantly enhance building energy performance while providing measurable economic and environmental benefits. This study offers a robust, data-driven basis for retrofit prioritization and policy formulation in hot regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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22 pages, 438 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Environmental Reporting Maturity of Companies in Romania According to the CSRD

by Teodora Maria Rusu, Antonia Cristina Maria Odagiu, Teodor Rusu and Laura Paulette

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1990; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041990 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study assesses the maturity level of environmental sustainability reporting among major publicly listed companies in Romania, in line with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRSs). Based on a sample of ten representative companies, the analysis [...] Read more.

This study assesses the maturity level of environmental sustainability reporting among major publicly listed companies in Romania, in line with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRSs). Based on a sample of ten representative companies, the analysis covers five environmental dimensions defined by ESRSs E1–E5. Using a weighted indicator-based maturity framework, the results reveal a high level of reporting maturity in climate change, while substantial gaps persist in biodiversity and ecosystems reporting. The findings highlight key challenges in ESRS implementation in a transition economy context and provide a replicable methodological framework for future sustainability reporting assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Sustainability, Society, and Businesses: Public and Managerial Opinions on Environmental Issues)

29 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Innovation and Adaptive Digital Leadership on Employee Performance in Egypt: The Mediating Role of Technical Self-Efficacy

by Mahmoud Mohamed Elsawy and Ahmed Saif Abu-Alhaija

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041989 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

As organizations attempt to retain a competitive advantage, it is becoming more important to understand how employees perform with respect to leadership styles. This paper examines the mediating effect of technical self-efficacy in the relationship between digital leadership and the employee performance of [...] Read more.

As organizations attempt to retain a competitive advantage, it is becoming more important to understand how employees perform with respect to leadership styles. This paper examines the mediating effect of technical self-efficacy in the relationship between digital leadership and the employee performance of Egyptian service firms. The paper adopts a quantitative research approach, wherein 442 respondents were surveyed from two major Egyptian cities (Cairo and Alexandria). The study employed a purposive sampling technique to select respondents who were assumed to be familiar with the variables under study, like digital leadership practices. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was used for the data analysis with the aid of SMART PLS software version 4. The findings reveal that there is a direct positive and statistically significant impact of adaptive leadership on employee performance. Similarly, there is also a positive and significant direct effect of innovative digital leadership on employee performance. This result validates the hypothesis that technical self-efficacy mediates the relationship between innovative digital leadership and employee performance, though partially. The study concludes that technical self-efficacy is one of the main psychological mechanisms that explain how digital-oriented leadership can be translated to better performance, and emphasizes the importance of the confidence and competence of employees in the usage of digital technologies. However, the absence of a significant mediation effect from technical self-efficacy between adaptive leadership and employee performance also shows that adaptive leadership has a direct behavioral and motivational channel of action, instead of an indirect channel of action like technology-based confidence. Thus, the study makes a clear contribution to the literature by advancing a comprehensive model that links digital leadership, employee performance, and technical self-efficacy. In conceptual terms, it builds on the digital leadership discourse by proposing technical self-efficacy as a mediating construct that explains the difference in how different employees respond to digital transformation initiatives. Organizations should, therefore, adopt an integrated leadership development approach that improves adaptive leadership competencies as well as digital leadership practices that facilitate technical self-efficacy to achieve improved long-term employee performance. Full article

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32 pages, 18424 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience Using a GESIS-ML Framework: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

by Yunyan Li, Huanhuan Yuan, Jiaxing Dai, Binyan Wang, Xing Liu and Chenhao Fang

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1988; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041988 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Against the backdrop of climate change and rapid urbanization, assessing urban flood resilience requires spatially continuous and interpretable approaches capable of capturing nonlinear interactions between natural and human systems. This study proposes a high-resolution framework for mapping urban flood resilience in the built-up [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of climate change and rapid urbanization, assessing urban flood resilience requires spatially continuous and interpretable approaches capable of capturing nonlinear interactions between natural and human systems. This study proposes a high-resolution framework for mapping urban flood resilience in the built-up areas of Chongqing, China, grounded in the geography–ecology–society–infrastructure systems (GESIS) concept. A Flood Resilience Index is constructed at a 50 m grid resolution using ten core indicators and objective weighting based on combined entropy and coefficient-of-variation methods. Three machine learning models—multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest, and XGBoost—are then trained to reproduce the resilience surface by integrating these indicators with additional historical flood-exposure variables, with SHAP used for model interpretation. The MLP model achieves the best performance (R² ≈ 0.78) and generates spatially coherent resilience patterns. Impervious surface fraction and building density exert dominant negative effects, whereas elevation and ecological connectivity contribute positively. The results reveal pronounced nonlinear thresholds in key drivers, indicating that flood resilience cannot be inferred from monotonic factor effects alone. By combining objective weighting, explainable machine learning, and historical exposure information, this framework supports both accurate prediction and policy-relevant interpretation of urban flood resilience for sustainable urban planning in mountainous megacities. Full article

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28 pages, 646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Factors Affecting Sustainable Innovation Performance: Development of Model for Improving Sustainable Innovation Performance

by Rema Varma, Rajiv Aserkar and Vanita Bhoola

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041987 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Sustainable innovation performance is important for organizations in this competitive environment. This study explores the factors impacting sustainable innovation performance in large and midsize FMCG organizations in India. A detailed structured literature review was used to identify how strategic agility, knowledge management, open [...] Read more.

Sustainable innovation performance is important for organizations in this competitive environment. This study explores the factors impacting sustainable innovation performance in large and midsize FMCG organizations in India. A detailed structured literature review was used to identify how strategic agility, knowledge management, open innovation, and the usage of artificial intelligence influence sustainable innovation performance. A quantitative survey was conducted, collecting data from 318 employees of middle and senior management level, across multiple departments in large and midsize FMCG. The research model was analyzed using structured equation modelling. The findings reveal a framework of a direct and indirect relationship between the different variables and sustainable innovation performance. This framework can be used by mangers to enhance sustainable innovation performance in their organizations and craft organization policy and strategies. Full article

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20 pages, 365 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Decision Matrix–Guided Framework for Screening Plant Species for Sustainable Phytoremediation of Road Salt–Contaminated Roadside Soils

by Leif van Lierop, Yuanhang Zhan and Bo Hu

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041986 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

The widespread application of road deicing salts in northern regions has led to elevated salinity in roadside soils and adjacent watersheds. Phytoremediation offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach for mitigating salt contamination, but its success depends on utilizing plant species that can both [...] Read more.

The widespread application of road deicing salts in northern regions has led to elevated salinity in roadside soils and adjacent watersheds. Phytoremediation offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach for mitigating salt contamination, but its success depends on utilizing plant species that can both tolerate and remove salt under roadside conditions. To systematically identify high-potential candidates from the large inventory of salt-tolerant plants in North America, we developed a quantitative decision matrix incorporating criteria related to ecological safety, establishment potential on disturbed soils, aboveground biomass production, biomass use-value, and salt uptake capacity. Thirteen of the highest-ranked species were subsequently evaluated for sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) uptake in a controlled greenhouse study under saline and non-saline conditions. The greatest total salt uptake was observed in common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) (35.6 mg Na⁺ and 100.2 mg Cl⁻ plant⁻¹) and pitseed goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri) (18.6 mg Na⁺ and 76.0 mg Cl⁻ plant⁻¹), while perennial species including tall fescue turfgrass (Lolium arundinaceum), showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa), and weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans) also demonstrated substantial uptake combined with greater long-term suitability for roadside management. Overall, this study presents a quantitative framework for phytoremediation species selection and provides experimental evidence supporting both annual and perennial species for mitigating deicing salt contamination through environmentally sustainable, low-input roadside management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Technologies and Digital Methods for Advanced Environmental Remediation)

23 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Digitalization in Facilitating Renewable Energy Transition and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Thailand

by Singha Chaveesuk and Wornchanok Chaiyasoonthorn

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041985 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

The study investigates the dual transitions of digitalization and renewable energy in Thailand to see if digital expansion facilitates the transition to renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. The study utilized data from the World Bank between 2000 and 2023 to [...] Read more.

The study investigates the dual transitions of digitalization and renewable energy in Thailand to see if digital expansion facilitates the transition to renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. The study utilized data from the World Bank between 2000 and 2023 to reconstruct models for autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) analysis for short-run and long-run dynamics under ecological modernization and technology diffusion theories. Contrary to expected synergies, empirical results revealed that a developing economy would find an ‘investment trade-off’ instead. Digitalization showed no significant immediate impact on renewable energy production; however, it exerted a significant negative lagged effect (coefficient = −0.593), suggesting that digital and energy infrastructures compete for limited financial resources. It was found that there is a 6.3% increase in greenhouse gas emissions for every 1% increase in internet usage. Thus, these results challenge the belief that increased internet usage will help improve the environment. Absent proper supportive policies about both digitalization and green transitions, such as investing in plants and machinery towards digitalization rather than green technology, the pacing effects of digitalization will affect the goals of converting to clean energy. This requires a policy coordination approach to ensure that funds earmarked for green infrastructure are safeguarded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Transformation and Smart Electricity Sustainable Development)

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28 pages, 4341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Source Data Integration for Safety Evaluation of Walking Tourism Routes: Coupling Spatial Analysis of Attractiveness and Carrying Capacity in Macao

by Haoran Lu, Xiaoxiao Zhou, Ziyi Chen and Jialin Cheng

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041984 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

The safety of “City Walk” routes in high-density historic districts is a critical constraint for sustainable urban tourism. This study establishes an integrated safety assessment framework for Macao’s eight walking routes by coupling tourism attractiveness with spatial carrying capacity. Utilizing social media big [...] Read more.

The safety of “City Walk” routes in high-density historic districts is a critical constraint for sustainable urban tourism. This study establishes an integrated safety assessment framework for Macao’s eight walking routes by coupling tourism attractiveness with spatial carrying capacity. Utilizing social media big data, multi-source spatial datasets and Spatial Lag Models, we conceptualize “attractions” and “streets” as a continuous system. The results reveal a spatial mismatch: while entertainment and green streetscapes drive attractiveness, excessive amenities in narrow alleys reduce perceived safety. A “crowded core–empty periphery” capacity pattern creates significant risks, with approximately 39% of nodes classified as medium-to-high risk due to high attractiveness overloading low carrying capacity. By diagnosing these “high-attractiveness, low-capacity” conflicts, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-source data fusion in identifying resilience weaknesses, offering actionable insights for smart tourism management and the promotion of social sustainability in high-density destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leisure Involvement and Smart Tourism)

18 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Biopolymers: A Comprehensive Review Towards a Circular Economy

by Elizabeth Hernández-Hernández, Fabiola Sandoval-Salas, Carlos Méndez-Carreto, Daniela Ruiz-Sandoval, Christell Barrales-Fernández and Francisco Hernández-Quinto

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041983 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Biopolymers can be derived from biological sources, including protein blends with plasticizers, starch, enzymatic synthesis, microorganisms, and algae. They are classified into polynucleotides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, and thermoplastic starch. Blending polymers with plasticizers and nanoparticles enhances their mechanical, thermal, [...] Read more.

Biopolymers can be derived from biological sources, including protein blends with plasticizers, starch, enzymatic synthesis, microorganisms, and algae. They are classified into polynucleotides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, and thermoplastic starch. Blending polymers with plasticizers and nanoparticles enhances their mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. Biopolymers have various applications, such as in packaging, textiles, medical devices, cosmetics, agriculture, food products, emulsifiers, construction additives, bioplastics, and biofuels. Some of the advantages of biopolymers include their biodegradability, use of renewable resources, and reduced environmental impact. Nevertheless, certain disadvantages persist, such as high production costs, inadequate waste management systems, material quality loss during recycling, and the limited availability of raw materials. In this context, castor oil has emerged as a promising raw material for biopolymer production, with notable applications in coatings and sealants, and, consequently, bioplastics have become a sustainable and feasible alternative to conventional plastics that aligns with the principles of the circular economy. Moreover, new biopolymers are constantly being developed, and innovative applications are increasingly being explored across industries. The aim of the present review is to analyze the potential of biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics by evaluating their sources, production methods, advantages, limitations, and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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34 pages, 1830 KB

Open AccessReview

Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Modified Construction Materials for Enhanced Durability and Environmental Resilience: A Critical Review

by Alaa M. Rashad and Sara A. ElMoied

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041982 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Polymer modification is a well-established strategy for improving the performance and extending the service life of cementitious and other construction materials, with direct implications for environmental sustainability and infrastructure resilience. Among these polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a non-ionic, water-soluble, and highly compatible polymer, has [...] Read more.

Polymer modification is a well-established strategy for improving the performance and extending the service life of cementitious and other construction materials, with direct implications for environmental sustainability and infrastructure resilience. Among these polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a non-ionic, water-soluble, and highly compatible polymer, has emerged as a uniquely versatile additive for mitigating degradation in aggressive environments. This review provides a critical and comprehensive synthesis of the state-of-the-art research on PVP’s roles in cement, mortar, concrete, and asphalt systems. The novelty of this work lies in its mechanistic integration and system-level interpretation, which consolidate fragmented knowledge across multiple domains—ranging from rheology and durability to nanotechnology and interfacial engineering—into a unified and coherent framework. Through cross-study comparison, this approach establishes a comprehensive understanding of PVP’s role in cementitious systems while outlining clear pathways for future research and practical implementation. This review provides the first integrated framework that connects PVP’s molecular structure, adsorption behavior, and ion-coordination mechanisms to its macroscopic influence on rheology, hydration, microstructure, and long-term durability. The review critically analyzes the underlying mechanisms, including physical pore-filling and crack-bridging, as well as chemical ion-coordination, which collectively govern PVP’s performance. Key quantitative findings are consolidated, showing that optimal PVP addition can reduce water absorption by over 35%, increase fracture toughness by ~47%, and, when used as an interfacial modifier, enhance the strain capacity of fiber-reinforced composites by over 100%. Reported benefits include improved workability, enhanced mechanical performance and toughness, superior durability under chemical and frost exposure, and the development of functional materials such as self-sensing concretes and photocatalytic coatings that support structural health monitoring and pollution mitigation. Overall, this review synthesizes current knowledge, consolidates experimental evidence in tabular form, and identifies future opportunities for leveraging PVP in the design of sustainable, low-impact, and environmentally resilient construction materials and infrastructures. Full article

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26 pages, 9771 KB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Collaborative Governance: Simulating the Dynamic Evolution of Multi-Stakeholder Strategies in Industrial Heritage Renewal Through Policy Levers

by Zhibiao Chen and Minghua Ma

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041981 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

At the critical juncture where Chinese cities are transitioning toward intensive urban renewal and sustainable development, the revitalization and adaptive reuse of industrial heritage face a collective action dilemma stemming from the misaligned interests among three key stakeholders: the Local Government (LG), the [...] Read more.

At the critical juncture where Chinese cities are transitioning toward intensive urban renewal and sustainable development, the revitalization and adaptive reuse of industrial heritage face a collective action dilemma stemming from the misaligned interests among three key stakeholders: the Local Government (LG), the Industrial Heritage Developer (IHD), and the Neighboring Complementary Merchants (NCMs). To address this challenge, this study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model and innovatively proposes an analytical framework of a Multi-Dimensional Policy Lever System, which integrates spatial synergy (k, w, v), economic incentives (p₁, p₂, q), and behavioral regulation (m, n). Numerical simulations reveal that the successful regeneration of industrial heritage does not rely on any single policy but fundamentally depends on the systematic coordination and dynamic adaptation of these three-dimensional levers. The nonlinear coupling of spatial elements forms the foundation for value leapfrogging. The economic driving force requires a critical shift from government subsidies (p) towards a market-based value capture and recycling mechanism (q). Behavioral interventions provide the necessary cognitive and normative safeguards for cooperation. The research elucidates a three-phase evolutionary pattern of the system, transitioning from a stalemate to synergy, and emphasizes the need for an adaptive and sequential combination of policies. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in providing an integrative quantitative analytical framework. Its practical significance is to offer a scientific basis for decision-makers to construct a dynamic policy toolbox and promote the sustainable collaborative governance of industrial heritage. Full article

45 pages, 5796 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Digital Decision-Support Framework for Risk Identification and Mitigation Management in Environmental Impact Assessment

by Ayatallah Raafat, Nadia Algheetany and Walaa S. E. Ismaeel

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041980 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) plays a critical role in ensuring sustainable development by identifying and mitigating the adverse effects of major construction projects. However, current EIA practices, especially in developing countries, often lack a systematic approach to identifying risks and evaluating and selecting [...] Read more.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) plays a critical role in ensuring sustainable development by identifying and mitigating the adverse effects of major construction projects. However, current EIA practices, especially in developing countries, often lack a systematic approach to identifying risks and evaluating and selecting mitigation strategies, leading to suboptimal environmental protection. This is coupled with a lack of data, inconsistencies in the quality of reports, and a low compliance rate with environmental management plans, which characterize mega infrastructure projects. In this regard, the research aims to develop a structured digital framework for identifying, assessing, and prioritizing mitigation strategies in EIAs for large-scale construction projects. The research method combines a review of the existing literature and case studies of past EIAs to gather insights into common mitigation measures and their effectiveness. Based on this, key environmental impacts are analyzed and potential mitigation strategies are categorized. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework is proposed to evaluate mitigation strategies using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to rank and select optimal mitigation approaches. Eventually, the research develops an EIA Risk and Mitigation Management framework (EIA-RMMS), which is a digital system developed to facilitate EIA implementation, indicating standardized risk types and potential mitigation measures. The EIA-RMMS links to project management and enables integration with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The proposed framework is applied to three case study metro line projects in Egypt to prove its effectiveness in data analysis, decision-support and report structuring. The findings are valuable for EIA practitioners and project developers seeking to align infrastructure development with ecological and social sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Resilience in Road Transport Networks Within a Sustainable Perspective: Assessment, Risk Management, and Decision Support Systems)

21 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Green Investment Affect Enterprises’ New Quality Productivity Forces? Evidence from A-Share Listed Companies in China

by Weiyi Zhang, Jiajia Liu, Chunting Ren and Qianyi Hao

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1979; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041979 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study examines the impact of green investment on firms’ new quality productivity within the signaling theory framework. Using panel data from A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2022, we find that green investment significantly enhances corporate productivity, a [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of green investment on firms’ new quality productivity within the signaling theory framework. Using panel data from A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2022, we find that green investment significantly enhances corporate productivity, a conclusion that remains robust across alternative measurement approaches and instrumental variable estimation. Further analysis indicates that supply chain concentration strengthens the positive effect of green investment, while higher information disclosure can attenuate its marginal returns. These findings extend the understanding of green investment from an environmental commitment to a strategic driver of productivity, thereby enriching the application of signaling theory in the field of sustainable development. The results provide practical insights for firms seeking to optimize green resource allocation and manage supply chain relationships, while also offering evidence-based guidance for policymakers to design differentiated incentives and refine information disclosure frameworks. Full article

27 pages, 565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Finance and Urban Export Technological Complexity: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Cities

by Chengke Zhu, Jiayue Shi and Yarong Hao

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041978 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study investigates how green finance influences urban export technological complexity using panel data from 287 Chinese cities (2011–2024). Unlike previous research focusing on aggregate financial development, we construct a comprehensive green finance index and develop a theoretical framework demonstrating how green finance [...] Read more.

This study investigates how green finance influences urban export technological complexity using panel data from 287 Chinese cities (2011–2024). Unlike previous research focusing on aggregate financial development, we construct a comprehensive green finance index and develop a theoretical framework demonstrating how green finance operates through dual channels: enhancing green innovation capacity and accelerating industrial structure upgrading toward knowledge-intensive sectors. Employing difference-in-differences and system GMM estimations, we find that green finance significantly increases export complexity, with a one-standard-deviation increase associated with 16% higher complexity. Effects exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity, stronger in western regions and lower-tier cities where traditional finance falls short. These findings suggest green finance can simultaneously achieve environmental sustainability and trade competitiveness objectives, offering policy guidance for developing economies navigating green transformation while upgrading export structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

43 pages, 5935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies for Enhancing Carbon Sink Capacity and Optimizing Blue-Green Infrastructure in Guilin City Based on ArcGIS and the InVEST Model

by Yanmei Ma, Meimei Ma, Shuisheng Lin, Wenxia Lin and Yue Wang

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041977 (registering DOI) - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

Enhancing carbon sink capacity and optimizing urban blue-green infrastructure (UBGI) are crucial for urban planning and sustainable development. Based on the ArcGIS 10.8 platform and the InVEST model, this study comprehensively evaluates the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of three ecosystem services (carbon storage, habitat [...] Read more.

Enhancing carbon sink capacity and optimizing urban blue-green infrastructure (UBGI) are crucial for urban planning and sustainable development. Based on the ArcGIS 10.8 platform and the InVEST model, this study comprehensively evaluates the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of three ecosystem services (carbon storage, habitat quality, and water retention) in Guilin. By applying the coupling coordination degree model, bivariate spatial autocorrelation, and K-means clustering methods, it systematically reveals the synergistic and trade-off relationships among multiple ecosystem services in karst cities, identifies the spatial differentiation pattern of ecological spaces, and proposes UBGI optimization strategies. The results show that the three types of ecosystem services in Guilin exhibited a spatiotemporal differentiation pattern of stable high values in mountainous areas and continuous expansion of low values around urban areas from 1993 to 2023, with their changes mainly driven by the significant negative impact of human activity intensity (nighttime light, population density). Guilin’s ecological space can be divided into four functional zones: Ecological Core Cluster (77.50%), Degraded Carbon-Poor Cluster (1.47%), Habitat Protection Cluster (0.46%), and Buffer Balance Cluster (20.58%). Carbon storage, habitat quality, and water retention showed significant spatial gradient differences (Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, p < 0.001) and local decoupling characteristics. Furthermore, the study proposed key ecological management thresholds, such as impervious surface ratio < 15% and forestland ratio > 30%, and constructed a differentiated “zoning-classification-grading” UBGI optimization strategy system based on the four functional zones, including ecological corridor construction, promotion of vertical greening and sponge facilities, supplementary planting of native vegetation, and integration of ecological agriculture. These strategies aim to enhance the synergistic efficiency of ecosystem services, improve regional carbon sink capacity, and provide a scientific basis for Guilin’s ecological planning, the implementation of “dual carbon” goals, and the construction of the National Innovation Demonstration Zone for Sustainable Development Agenda. Full article

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