Sustainability

18 pages, 982 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model Construction and Scenario Analysis for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption in Jiangsu Province: Based on the STIRPAT Extended Model

by Ying Liu, Lvhan Yang, Meng Wu, Jinxian He, Wenqiang Wang, Yunpeng Li, Renjiang Huang, Dongfang Liu and Heyao Tan

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8961; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198961 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” strategy (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), provincial-level carbon emission research is crucial for the implementation of related policies. However, existing studies insufficiently cover the driving mechanisms and scenario prediction for energy-importing provinces. This study can provide [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” strategy (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), provincial-level carbon emission research is crucial for the implementation of related policies. However, existing studies insufficiently cover the driving mechanisms and scenario prediction for energy-importing provinces. This study can provide theoretical references for similar provinces in China to conduct research on carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption. The carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu Province between 2000 and 2023 were calculated using the carbon emission coefficient method. The Tapio decoupling index model was adopted to evaluate the decoupling relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu. An extended STIRPAT model was established to predict carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu, and this model was applied to analyze the emissions under three scenarios (baseline scenario, low-carbon scenario, and enhanced low-carbon scenario) during 2024–2030. The results show the following: (1) During 2000–2023, the carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu Province ranged from 215.22428 million tons to 783.94270 million tons, with an average of 549.96280 million tons. (2) The decoupling status between carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption and economic development in Jiangsu was dominated by weak decoupling, accounting for 91.304%, while a small proportion (8.696%) of expansive coupling was also observed. (3) Under the baseline scenario, the carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu in 2030 will reach 796.828 million tons; under the low-carbon scenario, the emissions will be 786.355 million tons; and under the enhanced low-carbon scenario, the emissions will be 772.293 million tons. Furthermore, countermeasures and suggestions for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu are proposed, mainly including strengthening the guidance of policies and institutional systems, optimizing the energy consumption structure, intensifying technological innovation efforts, and enhancing government promotion and publicity. Full article

24 pages, 6017 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Agricultural Waste to Green Binder: Performance Optimization of Wheat Straw Ash in Sustainable Cement Mortars

by Murat Doğruyol and Senem Yılmaz Çetin

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198960 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the use of wheat straw ash (WSA) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, focusing on its mechanical performance optimization and environmental implications. WSA (ASTM C618, Class F), produced via controlled calcination at 700 °C, was used to replace cement at [...] Read more.

This study investigates the use of wheat straw ash (WSA) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, focusing on its mechanical performance optimization and environmental implications. WSA (ASTM C618, Class F), produced via controlled calcination at 700 °C, was used to replace cement at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% by mass. The optimal performance was observed at 5% substitution, achieving a 90-day compressive strength of 48.42 MPa (+4.7%) and a 28-day flexural strength of 7.93 MPa (+6.6%). To contextualize these findings, a multi-technique analytical approach was employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). These methods confirmed that WSA enhances portlandite consumption through pozzolanic reactivity and improves matrix densification via secondary C-S-H gel formation. Additionally, satellite (Sentinel-5P) and ground-based measurements during a severe stubble fire event in Diyarbakir (20–24 June 2024) documented a fourfold increase in PM₁₀ concentrations (157 μg/m³ compared to the June average of ≈35 μg/m³), alongside 23% and 41% rises in NO₂ and SO₂ levels, respectively. These findings demonstrate that wheat straw ash utilization can mitigate agricultural waste burning, improve air quality, and reduce the carbon footprint of cement production. The study highlights WSA’s potential as a high-performance, eco-efficient construction material aligned with circular economy principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

24 pages, 2063 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electronics Shops in Saint-Louis: A Participative Mapping of Value, Quality, and Prices Within the Market Hierarchy in a Secondary Senegalese City

by Pablo De Roulet, Jérôme Chenal, Jean-Claude Baraka Munyaka, Moussa Diallo, Derguene Mbaye, Mamadou Lamine Ndiaye, Madoune Robert Seye, Dimitri Samuel Adjanohoun, Tatiana Mbengue, Djiby Sow and Cheikh Samba Wade

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8959; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198959 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Digital connectivity depends not only on infrastructure, but also on the material devices used to access networks. This study examines electronic devices’ availability and prices in Saint-Louis, a mid-sized Senegalese city, to address the lack of empirical research on African digital markets. With [...] Read more.

Digital connectivity depends not only on infrastructure, but also on the material devices used to access networks. This study examines electronic devices’ availability and prices in Saint-Louis, a mid-sized Senegalese city, to address the lack of empirical research on African digital markets. With data on material connectivity being scarce, this paper provides a baseline description as grounds for future research. Using a participatory mapping approach over three weeks in September 2024, the research assessed the range, condition, and distribution of smartphones across central and neighborhood markets. Descriptive statistics and spatial analysis illustrate key trends. Results show a market heavily structured around second-hand smartphones, where device quality and prices adjust to economic power. Imported second-hand devices are often high-end, with prices above many new items of cheaper brands, while locally used items have much depreciated prices compared to either new or imported second-hand ones. Market locations are widespread for common items and clustered for specialized devices, consistent with central place theory. By documenting the material foundations of digital communication, this study provides new empirical evidence on African urban device markets and highlights the need to consider material access alongside infrastructure in digital connectivity debates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainability, Digital Transformation, and Supply Chain Maturity)

19 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Impact of Servant Leadership on Employee Performance: The Role of Organizational Trust in Mobile Telecom Providers in Iraq

by Tara Kader, Serife Zihni Eyupoglu and Laith Tashtoush

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8958; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198958 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of servant leadership on employee performance in mobile telecommunications providers, emphasizing the mediating role of organizational trust and its implications for organizational sustainability. Leadership effectiveness is particularly critical in environments where trust is limited, as it shapes both [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of servant leadership on employee performance in mobile telecommunications providers, emphasizing the mediating role of organizational trust and its implications for organizational sustainability. Leadership effectiveness is particularly critical in environments where trust is limited, as it shapes both immediate performance and long-term organizational resilience. Using survey data from 375 employees across three telecom companies in Iraq, the results indicate that servant leadership is positively related to employee performance. Mediation analysis further demonstrates that organizational trust significantly transmits the effect of servant leadership on performance. These results extend current knowledge of leadership dynamics in the telecom sector and underscore the role of trust-based leadership in fostering sustainable organizational outcomes. Based on these insights, a practical framework was developed to integrate servant leadership principles into team-building initiatives, leadership development programs, and organizational systems. This framework not only supports the training of future leaders but also strengthens employee well-being, ethical culture, and long-term sustainability in the telecommunications industry. Full article

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30 pages, 1346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Coupling of Carbon Efficiency, Carbon Sink, and High-Quality Development in the Greater Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration: Patterns and Influences

by Yong Guo, Lang Yi, Jianbo Zhao, Guangyu Zhu and Dan Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8957; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198957 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Under the framework of the “dual carbon” goals, promoting the coordinated development of carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality growth has become a critical issue for regional sustainability. Using panel data from 2006 to 2021, this study systematically investigates the three-dimensional [...] Read more.

Under the framework of the “dual carbon” goals, promoting the coordinated development of carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality growth has become a critical issue for regional sustainability. Using panel data from 2006 to 2021, this study systematically investigates the three-dimensional coupling coordination among carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality development in the Greater Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. The spatiotemporal evolution, spatial correlation characteristics, and influencing factors of the coupling coordination were also explored. The results indicate that the coupling coordination system exhibits an evolutionary trend of overall stability with localized differentiation. The overall coupling degree remains in the “running-in” stage, while the coordination level is still in a marginally coordinated state. Spatially, the pattern has shifted from “northern leadership” to “multi-polar support,” with Yueyang achieving intermediate coordination, four cities including Changde reaching primary coordination, and three cities including Loudi remaining imbalanced. Spatial correlation has weakened from significant to insignificant, with Xiangtan showing a “low–low” cluster and Hengyang displaying a “high–low” cluster. The evolution of hot and cold spots has moved from marked differentiation to a more balanced distribution, as reflected by the disappearance of cold spots. The empirical analysis confirms a three-dimensional coupling mechanism: ecologically rich regions attain high coordination through carbon sink synergies; economically advanced areas achieve decoupling through innovation-driven development; while traditional industrial cities, despite facing the “green paradox,” demonstrate potential for leapfrog progress through transformation. Among the influencing factors, industrial structure upgrading emerged as the primary driver of spatial differentiation, though with a negative impact. Government support also exhibited a negative effect, whereas the interaction between environmental regulation and both government support and economic development was found to be significant. Full article

18 pages, 2837 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Separation of Pd, Pt, and Rh from Wastes Using Commercial Extractants for the Sustainable Development of Critical Metals Management

by Karolina Pianowska, Joanna Kluczka, Grzegorz Benke, Karolina Goc and Katarzyna Leszczyńska-Sejda

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8956; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198956 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on the selective separation of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from waste solutions using commercial organic extractants such as Mextral 63H and trioctylamine. The research was carried out on a real waste solution, containing low concentrations of [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of research on the selective separation of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from waste solutions using commercial organic extractants such as Mextral 63H and trioctylamine. The research was carried out on a real waste solution, containing low concentrations of platinum group metals and significant amounts of base metals such as copper, iron, chromium, and nickel. It was found that a 20% solution of Mextral 63H in toluene selectively extracts over 99% of Pd, while a 10% solution of trioctylamine effectively extracts both Pd and Pt with a yield of over 98%. Effective stripping agents were also selected for the obtained Pd and Pt extracts: 2 M thiourea solution for Pd and diluted solutions of nitric and perchloric acids for Pt. The research allowed the development of a technological scheme enabling the separation of all three platinum group metals by selective extraction of Pd and then Pt, while Rh remains in the raffinate after both extraction stages. The proposed model, developed on the basis of results obtained for a real solution, assumes selective recovery of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from such solutions, which can find application in the precious metals industry. Moreover, the developed technology is in line with the sustainable development of the critical metals economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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20 pages, 7109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessments on the Potential Use of Rhyolite Filler as a Soil Remineralizer in Agroecological Practices in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

by João Pedro Foletto and Augusto Nobre

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8955; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198955 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examined the application of rhyolite filler in agroecological farming systems in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration (Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim was to explore sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in line with organic [...] Read more.

This study examined the application of rhyolite filler in agroecological farming systems in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration (Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim was to explore sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in line with organic agriculture principles. The region’s designation as the Quarta Colônia UNESCO Global Geopark reinforces the relevance of this initiative. The research involved petrographic characterization, incubation experiments, and chemical analyses of rhyolite samples. Incubation tests with pigeon pea and elephant grass assessed combinations of rock filler and poultry litter. The results showed that rhyolite filler supported plant growth, especially with poultry litter, which supplies nitrogen and microorganisms that accelerate mineral weathering. Petrographic observations indicated that elephant grass promoted stronger mineral alteration, likely due to its dense fibrous roots and substrate interaction. Chemical analyses confirmed the rhyolite’s quartz content and trace elements remain within safety limits defined by Brazilian legislation on soil remineralizers. The K₂O content and the base sum (CaO, MgO, and K₂O) also complied with minimum legal requirements. Beyond mineralogical and chemical aspects, the study emphasized the economic feasibility of using locally sourced rock fillers, offering lower costs than synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable, resilient agroecological systems. Full article

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31 pages, 1356 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Role of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Comparative Study of Disaggregated vs. Holistic Models in Green Hotels

by Sareeya Wichitsathian and Sumalee Ekkaphol

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8954; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198954 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the role of Modern Management Accounting (MMA)—which integrates Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) and Strategic Customer Knowledge (SCK)—in driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) and Business Sustainability (BS) in Thai green hotels. Business Sustainability is conceptualized as the achievement of balanced outcomes [...] Read more.

This study investigates the role of Modern Management Accounting (MMA)—which integrates Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) and Strategic Customer Knowledge (SCK)—in driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) and Business Sustainability (BS) in Thai green hotels. Business Sustainability is conceptualized as the achievement of balanced outcomes across economic performance, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship. It addresses a theoretical debate by testing two competing SCA models: a disaggregated model (which separates SCA into Customer Experience Advantage (CEA) and Operational Efficiency Advantage (OEA)) and a holistic model (which treats SCA as a unified construct). Data from 115 certified green hotels were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed a critical distinction between the models. In the disaggregated model, SMA and SCK contributed to both CEA and OEA, but only OEA directly enhanced BS and served as a partial mediator in the relationships from both SMA and SCK to BS, whereas CEA showed no significant mediating effects. Conversely, the holistic model demonstrated that overall SCA served as a partial mediator in the relationships from both SMA and SCK to BS, while also exerting a strong direct effect on BS. The study concludes that achieving business sustainability requires a holistic SCA that integrates both operational efficiency and customer experience, offering a comprehensive framework for strategic management in the hotel industry. These findings underscore the strategic imperative for hotel managers to cultivate an integrated competitive advantage, where superior customer experiences and operational excellence are synergistically managed, to ensure long-term business sustainability. Full article

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16 pages, 724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Quality of Life Influence Pro-Environmental Intention? An Extension of Theory of Planned Behaviour

by Suk Min Pang, Hasni Mohd Hanafi, Choy Yoke Chong and Booi Chen Tan

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8953; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198953 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

In light of escalating global environmental deterioration, studies on pro-environmental intention and behaviour with the ultimate goal of identifying contributing factors to minimise environmental issues are common. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is widely used to study environmental intentions and behaviours. However, how [...] Read more.

In light of escalating global environmental deterioration, studies on pro-environmental intention and behaviour with the ultimate goal of identifying contributing factors to minimise environmental issues are common. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is widely used to study environmental intentions and behaviours. However, how quality of life (QoL) influences these intentions and interactions among TPB’s own variables within a single research framework has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this study extends TPB by incorporating the four dimensions of QoL, as measured by the Control, Autonomy, Self-Realisation, and Pleasure (CASP-19) scale, to understand pro-environmental intentions from Malaysian viewpoints. In this study, quantitative approach was applied, and the data were collected from Malaysians aged 18 and above (N = 182) in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), a two-step approach was employed to assess the measurement and structural models. The findings confirmed Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a robust model for environmental studies showing that subjective norm and perceived behavioural control significantly influence attitudes toward pro-environmental behaviour, ultimately leading to pro-environmental intention. Interestingly, this study found no relationship between QoL dimensions and pro-environmental intention. Lastly, both theoretical and managerial implications were discussed, and research limitations and suggestions for future research directions were put forward. Full article

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33 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Soft Law to Hard Law: Legal Transitions and Sustainable Challenges in the Italian Agri-Food Sector

by Lucia Briamonte and Debora Scarpato

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198952 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

The transition from soft to hard law is reshaping global agri-food governance, particularly in relation to sustainability and corporate responsibility. This article analyzes this shift by examining two regulatory approaches: voluntary instruments such as the OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and [...] Read more.

The transition from soft to hard law is reshaping global agri-food governance, particularly in relation to sustainability and corporate responsibility. This article analyzes this shift by examining two regulatory approaches: voluntary instruments such as the OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and binding EU directives like the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Using a qualitative and interpretive methodology, the study combines a literature review and two case studies (Nicoverde and Lavazza) to explore the evolution from soft law to hard law and the synergies and analyze how these tools are applied in the Italian agri-food sector and how they can contribute to improving corporate sustainability performance. Findings show that soft law has paved the way for more rigorous regulation, but the increasing compliance burden poses challenges, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These cases serve as virtuous examples to illustrate how soft and hard law interact in practice, offering concrete insights into the translation of general sustainability principles into corporate strategies. A hybrid governance framework—combining voluntary and binding tools—can foster sustainability if supported by coherent policies, stakeholder collaboration and adequate support mechanisms. The study offers practical insights for both companies and policymakers navigating the evolving legal scenario. Full article

39 pages, 3545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Investment and Emission Reduction in Supply Chains Under Dual-Carbon Regulation: A Dynamic Game Perspective on Coordination Mechanisms and Policy Insights

by Dandan Wu, Kun Li and Yang Cheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8951; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198951 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines green investment and emission reduction strategies in a two-tier supply chain under dual-carbon regulation that combines a carbon tax with a cap-and-trade mechanism. A multi-stage dynamic game model is developed, in which the manufacturer reduces emissions through recycling efforts and [...] Read more.

This study examines green investment and emission reduction strategies in a two-tier supply chain under dual-carbon regulation that combines a carbon tax with a cap-and-trade mechanism. A multi-stage dynamic game model is developed, in which the manufacturer reduces emissions through recycling efforts and investments in green technology. We compare optimal decisions under centralized, decentralized, and coordinated structures, and propose an enhanced bilateral cost-sharing contract to improve collaboration. Numerical experiments validate the theoretical results, and sensitivity analyses provide further insights. The results show that while both carbon tax and permit trading increase emission reduction, the carbon tax may lower manufacturer profit, underscoring the need for coordinated policy design. Benchmarking proves more effective than grandfathering in stimulating green investment, particularly under high carbon prices and strong consumer environmental preferences. The proposed contract alleviates free riding, enhances overall supply chain profitability, and improves emission reduction performance. Policy implications highlight the importance of prioritizing benchmark allocation, promoting consumer environmental awareness, and encouraging firms to integrate carbon asset management with technological innovation. This research provides both theoretical and practical insights for designing effective carbon policies and collaborative mechanisms in green supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operations and Green Supply Chain)

26 pages, 2534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Attitudes, Awareness, and Purchase Behaviour for Certified Mountain Products in Romania

by Ancuța Marin, Steliana Rodino, Ruxandra-Eugenia Pop, Vili Dragomir and Marian Butu

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8950; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198950 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Interest in consumer behavior regarding agri-food products is growing, particularly in the context of sustainable and local consumption. This study examines consumer perceptions of certified mountain products in Romania, with a specific focus on cow’s milk. A structured survey was conducted among 576 [...] Read more.

Interest in consumer behavior regarding agri-food products is growing, particularly in the context of sustainable and local consumption. This study examines consumer perceptions of certified mountain products in Romania, with a specific focus on cow’s milk. A structured survey was conducted among 576 respondents from the Bucharest–Ilfov metropolitan area, representing the target population of regular food consumers. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods in SPSS, including chi-square tests and contingency coefficients, to evaluate consumer awareness, attitudes, and their willingness to pay. The results reveal that although awareness of the “mountain product” label is high (88.9%), its direct influence on purchase decisions remains limited, with price, brand, and origin playing stronger roles. Nevertheless, 95% of respondents expressed willingness to pay a premium price, and over 70% associated mountain certification with health benefits and higher quality. These findings highlight both the potential and current limitations of certification as a market-based tool to support sustainable consumption and the economic resilience of mountain areas. The study contributes empirical evidence from a less explored national context. It offers insights for policymakers, producers, and retailers seeking to strengthen short food supply chains and consumer trust in certified labels. Full article

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23 pages, 1702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Growth in the Gulf: The Role of Renewable Energy, Electricity Use, and Economic Openness in Oil-Rich Economies

by Mesbah Fathy Sharaf, Abdelhalem Mahmoud Shahen and Radi EL-Sayed Abdel-Gawad Issa

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8949; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198949 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFEs) estimators to explore short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships. These methods are preferred because they balance flexibility with efficiency where PMG allows country differences in short-run dynamics, while DFE provides robustness under small-sample conditions, making them more suitable than the Mean Group (MG) estimator or standard Fixed Effects (FE) models for our short panel of six countries. The results show that traditional electricity consumption significantly supports economic growth in the long run, while renewable energy, despite its potential, has yet to show a statistically significant growth-enhancing effect, likely due to its currently small share in the energy mix. Foreign direct investment and trade openness display mixed impacts, with their significance varying across models. Short-run dynamics highlight the importance of energy efficiency and infrastructure readiness in shaping how energy translates into growth. Overall, the findings suggest that while energy remains central to GCC economies, the transition to renewables must be better aligned with broader development and investment strategies. These insights are highly relevant for policymakers navigating the twin goals of energy diversification and sustainable economic growth under Vision 2030 agendas. Full article

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38 pages, 2868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Traffic Load-Balancing Algorithm—Case of Vigo

by Selim Dündar, Sina Alp, İrem Merve Ulu and Onur Dursun

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198948 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Urban traffic congestion is a significant challenge faced by cities globally, resulting in delays, increased emissions, and diminished quality of life. This study introduces an innovative traffic load-balancing algorithm developed as part of the IN2CCAM Horizon 2020 project, which was specifically tested in [...] Read more.

Urban traffic congestion is a significant challenge faced by cities globally, resulting in delays, increased emissions, and diminished quality of life. This study introduces an innovative traffic load-balancing algorithm developed as part of the IN2CCAM Horizon 2020 project, which was specifically tested in the city of Vigo, Spain. The proposed method incorporates short-term traffic forecasting through machine learning models—primarily Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks—alongside a dynamic routing algorithm designed to equalize travel times across alternative routes. Historical speed and volume data collected from Bluetooth sensors were analyzed and modeled to predict traffic conditions 15 min ahead. The algorithm was implemented within the PTV Vissim microsimulation environment to assess its effectiveness. Results from 20 distinct traffic scenarios demonstrated significant improvements: an increase in average speed of up to 3%, an 8% reduction in delays, and a 10% decrease in total standstill time during peak weekday hours. Furthermore, average emissions of CO₂, NO_x, HC, and CO were reduced by 4% to 11% across the scenarios. These findings highlight the potential of integrating predictive analytics with real-time load balancing to enhance traffic efficiency and promote environmental sustainability in urban areas. The proposed approach can further support policymakers and traffic operators in designing more sustainable mobility strategies and optimizing future urban traffic management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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22 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Creating Social Impact: Dialogues Between Policymakers, Practitioners, and the “Other Women” for Sustainable Development

by Alba Crespo-López, Mimar Ramis-Salas, Laura Ruiz-Eugenio, Lena De Botton, Carmen Elboj, Rosa Valls-Carol and Marta Soler-Gallart

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8947; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198947 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Scientific literature highlights that practitioners and policymakers in social and educational fields can contribute to the inclusion and empowerment of vulnerable groups when developing actions grounded in scientific evidence of social impact, co-created through dialogic engagement with the concerned communities. This study, [...] Read more.

Background: Scientific literature highlights that practitioners and policymakers in social and educational fields can contribute to the inclusion and empowerment of vulnerable groups when developing actions grounded in scientific evidence of social impact, co-created through dialogic engagement with the concerned communities. This study, aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 4 (“Quality Education”) and 5 (“Gender Equality”), provides new evidence on the co-creation process between policymakers and practitioners and women without higher education degrees and its impact. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through nine in-depth interviews with practitioners and policymakers engaged in the development of dialogic spaces in education, health, and equality. Results: Two key characteristics were identified: (1) a focus on the inclusion of women not yet involved, through the co-creation of egalitarian spaces for dialogue and decision-making, and (2) a commitment to implementing actions based on scientific evidence of social impact. These led to reported improvements in empowerment, education, well-being, health, and employability, not only for the women themselves but also for their families, schools, and communities. Conclusions: The findings support the promotion of co-creation processes with women without academic qualifications and in vulnerable situations, demonstrating their potential to foster sustainable social development. Full article

19 pages, 2344 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Landscape Indicators for Landscape Quality Assessment; Case of Zahleh, Lebanon

by Roula Aad, Nour Zaher, Victoria Dawalibi, Rodrigue el Balaa, Jane Loukieh and Nabil Nemer

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198946 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Landscapes are vital systems where ecological, cultural, perceptual, and socio-economic values meet, making their quality assessment essential for sustainable development. Landscape Quality (LQ), shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human activities, remains methodologically challenging due to its interdisciplinarity and the need [...] Read more.

Landscapes are vital systems where ecological, cultural, perceptual, and socio-economic values meet, making their quality assessment essential for sustainable development. Landscape Quality (LQ), shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human activities, remains methodologically challenging due to its interdisciplinarity and the need to integrate multiple dimensions. This challenge is particularly perceived in peri-urban areas, predominantly understudied in landscape research. This article addresses this gap in LQ assessment at peri-urban landscapes, through the case of Houch Al Oumaraa, Zahleh, a peri-urban area of patrimonial significance and agricultural landscape value. To evaluate the four spatial dimensions of LQ (structural, ecological, cultural and visual), we adopted a mixed methodology, where a pre-developed set of landscape indicators (LIs) applied within GIS and spatial technics, were supplemented by expert analysis through visual studies. Two questions framed this research: (i) is remote sensing sufficient to assess peri-urban LQ, and (ii) what are the limits of applying pre-developed LIs to diverse landscape contexts? Results show moderate fragmentation (CONTAG 61.6%), low diversity (MSDI 0.27), high density of cultural monuments (PROTAP 4.19) and average visual disharmony (FCDHI 0.49). Findings reveal that spatial dimensions alone are insufficient for assessing LQ of peri-urban landscapes, where socio-economic dimensions must also be integrated. Structural indicators (PLAND, MPA, ED, CONTAG) and MSDI proved transferable, while ECOLBAR was less applicable, cultural indicators (PROTAP, HLE) were limited to tangible heritage, and visual indicators (FCDHI, SDHI) highly context dependent. Establishing a differentiated yet standardized framework would not only enhance methodological precision but also ensure that LQ assessment remain relevant across diverse contexts, providing policymakers with actionable insights to align planning with sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 2740 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Conceptual Framework for Enabling Structural Steel Reuse Utilizing Circular Economy in Modular Construction

by Shrouk Gharib and Osama Moselhi

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8945; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198945 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Steel production is a major contributor to resource use and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for nearly 8% of global CO₂ emissions, with structural steel accounting for more than half of this share. As the construction sector moves toward decarbonization, strategies for reuse, [...] Read more.

Steel production is a major contributor to resource use and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for nearly 8% of global CO₂ emissions, with structural steel accounting for more than half of this share. As the construction sector moves toward decarbonization, strategies for reuse, particularly within Modular and Offsite Construction (MOC), are receiving growing attention. This study presents a digitally integrated framework for the recovery, testing, and reuse of structural steel in MOC, grounded in Circular Economy (CE) principles. The framework is based on a systematic review of 162 academic, industry, and case study records and is structured across four stages: (1) material recovery, (2) testing and certification, (3) integration into MOC, and (4) performance evaluation. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Material Passports (MPs) provide digital infrastructure for traceability, documentation, and compliance with established protocols, such as SCI P427 and P440. Reuse outcomes are assessed using the Modular Reuse Ratio (MRR), Carbon Savings (CS), Lifecycle Cost Savings (LCS), and a tailored Material Circularity Indicator (MCI). By aligning certification requirements with digital processes, the framework addresses current gaps in traceability, standardization, and decision support. It provides a scalable and replicable model that advances structural steel reuse, contributes to sector-wide decarbonization, and supports alignment with emerging CE and performance-based certification schemes. Full article

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19 pages, 697 KB

Open AccessArticle

ESG and Firm Performance in Korea: The Moderating Role of CEO Tenure, Ownership Structure, and Foreign Ownership

by Sunteak Lee, Sung-Jun Lee and Joongwha Kim

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8944; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198944 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management has global relevance, yet its effects differ across contexts. In Korea, with concentrated ownership, family-controlled conglomerates, and evolving governance norms, the ESG–firm performance link offers unique insights. This study examines 620 publicly listed firms in Korea over [...] Read more.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management has global relevance, yet its effects differ across contexts. In Korea, with concentrated ownership, family-controlled conglomerates, and evolving governance norms, the ESG–firm performance link offers unique insights. This study examines 620 publicly listed firms in Korea over the 2020–2022 period to assess the effects of ESG performance on firm value (Tobin’s q) and financial performance (operating return on assets). Three governance-related variables that reflect the distinctive features of Korea’s corporate governance—CEO (chief executive officer) tenure, the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder, and foreign ownership ratio—are included in the analysis as moderating variables. Results show that ESG performance positively affects both firm value and financial performance. Also, CEO tenure and foreign ownership significantly strengthen the ESG–firm value relationship, whereas the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder enhances the ESG–financial performance link. These findings extend stakeholder, legitimacy, and institutional theories to an East Asian context and offer practical guidance for managers and policymakers aiming to enhance corporate outcomes through ESG strategies in Korea’s distinctive governance environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firm Survival and Sustainable Management)

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26 pages, 3616 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Spatial Pattern of High-Quality Tourism Rural Development and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of the Great Mount Huang District in Anhui Province

by Chao Liu and Yiyu Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8943; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198943 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tourism villages represent a key breakthrough for achieving rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. By analyzing the spatial patterns of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district and their influencing factors, this study provides a scientific foundation for the high-quality development of [...] Read more.

Tourism villages represent a key breakthrough for achieving rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. By analyzing the spatial patterns of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district and their influencing factors, this study provides a scientific foundation for the high-quality development of rural tourism and for the enhancement and sustainable management of regional leisure tourism systems. Using methods such as the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, geographic detector, and geographically weighted regression analysis, the results reveal: (1) the spatial distribution of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district exhibits significant clustering and unevenness, forming a spatial pattern characterized by “one cluster, two cores, and three points”; Anqing City shows the most concentrated and uneven distribution of tourism villages; (2) the number of Grade A tourist attractions and cultural resources are dominant factors; tourism culture and natural environment are the most influential dimensions affecting the spatial distribution of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district; the development of rural tourism requires consideration of multiple aspects and factors, emphasizing multidimensional coordination; (3) the average slope and the number of Grade A tourist attractions exhibit the greatest spatial variability, while the average elevation shows the lowest spatial variability; average elevation, average slope, per capita disposable income, the number of Grade A tourist attractions, and cultural resources all show a positive correlation with the distribution of tourism villages. Full article

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