Sustainability

18 pages, 12889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Labile and Stable Carbon Pools in Antarctic Soils of the Arctowski Region, King George Island

by Barbara Kalisz, Andrzej Łachacz, Irena Giełwanowska, Maria Olech, Katarzyna Joanna Chwedorzewska and Wioleta Kellmann-Sopyła

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167221 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the composition and transformation of soil organic matter (SOM) across seven sites in Maritime Antarctica, focusing on the impact of bird activity and vegetation cover on SOM dynamics. There is limited knowledge of the stability of Antarctic SOM and the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the composition and transformation of soil organic matter (SOM) across seven sites in Maritime Antarctica, focusing on the impact of bird activity and vegetation cover on SOM dynamics. There is limited knowledge of the stability of Antarctic SOM and the effects of seabird colonies on it. This study aims to address the knowledge gap regarding drivers of soil organic matter transformations in polar ecosystems. Hot water-extractable carbon (HWC) and carbon extracted with phosphoric acid (PHP-C) were chosen as parameters for the labile carbon pool. A stable carbon pool was here characterized as one with alkali-soluble organic compounds opposing microbial decomposition. This carbon pool has long (decades) turnover rates, and therefore is regarded stable. The mentioned carbon pools were used to calculate humification indices. The HWC in studied soils ranged from 1.5 to 4.3% of total carbon, while the PHP-C varied largely and was not correlated with HWC. Soils influenced by current or historical bird colonies (particularly penguins and skuas) exhibited elevated labile carbon fractions, indicating active microbial processing. In contrast, sites without bird influence showed lower biological activity. The stable carbon peaked at 18.9% of total carbon, indicating distinct soil transformation stages. The humification degree (HD) and labile-to-stable carbon (L/S) ratio were used to assess SOM stability, revealing that former bird rookeries had the most stabilized SOM, while recently deglaciated sites were in early stages of organic matter accumulation. Vegetation cover, though secondary to bird impact, was positively correlated with SOM humification, supporting the role of vascular plant-derived organic input in carbon stabilization. The study showed a clear link between bird activity and SOM dynamics, supporting the concept of biological legacies in soil formation in Antarctica. It highlighted the role of vegetation in SOM stabilization, which is crucial for understanding how terrestrial ecosystems may evolve as ice retreats and plant colonization expands. Full article

18 pages, 6891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Scale–Big Impact: Temporary Small-Scale Architecture as a Catalyst for Community-Driven Development of Green Urban Spaces

by Diana Giurea, Vasile Gherheș and Claudiu Coman

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7220; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167220 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Temporary architecture, as an expression of the concept of impermanence, offers adaptable and time-sensitive spatial interventions that promote community engagement and encourage experimentation within the urban environment. Beyond its physical and functional qualities, this architectural approach acts as a social mediator, fostering dialogue, [...] Read more.

Temporary architecture, as an expression of the concept of impermanence, offers adaptable and time-sensitive spatial interventions that promote community engagement and encourage experimentation within the urban environment. Beyond its physical and functional qualities, this architectural approach acts as a social mediator, fostering dialogue, networking, and the exchange of ideas between local communities and professionals, while contributing to the development of a socio-cultural common ground. This paper explores the Greenfeel Architecture wooden pavilion as a case study of small-scale architecture embedded within a landscape dedicated to urban agriculture and community-driven activities. The design process was guided by the need to balance functional requirements—providing shelter from the sun and rain and facilitating social interactions—with the protection of the existing vegetation and the enhancement of local biodiversity, with particular emphasis on supporting bee populations. In line with sustainable construction principles, the pavilion was built through the reuse of recovered materials, including used bricks for pavement, wooden slabs for the facade and roof, and several structural components sourced from previous building projects. Since its completion, the pavilion has acted as an urban acupuncture point within the surrounding area and has become a host for various outdoor activities and educational workshops aimed at diverse groups, including children, adults, professionals, and laypersons alike. The duality between the scale of the pavilion and the scale of its social, cultural, or ecological influence highlights the potential of temporary architecture to become a tool for both physical and socio-cultural sustainability in an urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Landscape and Ecosystem Services for a Sustainable Urban System)

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23 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Land Use in Tourism and Industrialization: Competition, Conservation, and Coordinated Development

by Changyao Song, Zehua Kang, Yuchen Yao, Tingting Yin and Sainan Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7219; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167219 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The coordinated development of tourism and industrialization is essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in the tourism sector, as well as for ensuring long-term regional economic sustainability. This study is motivated by the observation that land is a key factor influencing the [...] Read more.

The coordinated development of tourism and industrialization is essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in the tourism sector, as well as for ensuring long-term regional economic sustainability. This study is motivated by the observation that land is a key factor influencing the coordination between tourism and industrialization, yet the specific role of land use remains underexplored. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the nonlinear relationship and underlying mechanisms through which tourism development impacts industrialization, with a particular focus on land transfers. To achieve this, the study employs an empirical approach using multi-source data—including data on China’s A-level scenic areas and land transfers—combined with an econometric method. The results indicate a U-shaped relationship between both the quantity and quality of tourism resources and the growth of industrial enterprises, as well as an inverted U-shaped relationship between the concentration of tourism resources and industrial development. The research finds that tourism development influences industrialization through two primary land-related mechanisms: the factor competition effect and the resource conservation effect. This study also investigates the potential for synergistic development between the tourism and industrial sectors, providing valuable insights for the sustainable economic advancement of land-based tourism and industrialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Tourism and Its Place in Sustainable Development Concepts)

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19 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Training Method for Assessing the Thermal Aging Health Condition of Oil-Immersed Power Transformers

by Chen Zhang, Jiangjun Ruan, Yongqing Deng and Yiming Xie

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7218; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167218 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Transformer health assessment enables predictive maintenance strategies that extend equipment lifespan, minimize resource consumption, and support sustainable power system operations. However, traditional methods often rely on simple health indicators, which fail to effectively capture the complex relationships within transformer health data. To address [...] Read more.

Transformer health assessment enables predictive maintenance strategies that extend equipment lifespan, minimize resource consumption, and support sustainable power system operations. However, traditional methods often rely on simple health indicators, which fail to effectively capture the complex relationships within transformer health data. To address this issue, this article proposes a joint training method based on a wide and deep model, enhanced with Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. The model combines a wide component, which uses linear regression to identify global patterns in transformer health parameters, and a deep neural network that learns complex nonlinear relationships, such as those in thermal aging data. Bayesian inference is integrated to quantify uncertainties in the predictions, while MCMC is employed for robust parameter estimation during training. This combination enables a more accurate, interpretable, and comprehensive assessment of transformer conditions. Experimental results on realistic datasets show that the proposed method significantly improves prediction accuracy and reliability compared to existing approaches. Specifically, the joint wide and deep model outperforms traditional methods by 6.6% in classification accuracy, demonstrating its potential for application in smart grid systems. This research contributes to sustainable power system management by enabling more efficient resource utilization and supporting the transition to sustainable energy systems. Full article

19 pages, 4464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perturbations of Aerosol Radiative Forcing on the Planetary Boundary Layer Thermal Dynamics in a Central China Megacity

by Zengshou Liu, Mingjie Zhang, Haijiang Kong, Yanzhen Kang, Ruirui Si, Lingbin Kong, Wenyu Zhang, Xuanyu Zhang, Hangfei Hu and Zixuan Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7217; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167217 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Aerosol radiative forcing is known to significantly disturb the thermodynamic and dynamic structure of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), particularly in heavily polluted urban regions. In this study, the effects of aerosol–PBL interactions were examined over a megacity in China’s Central Plains by [...] Read more.

Aerosol radiative forcing is known to significantly disturb the thermodynamic and dynamic structure of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), particularly in heavily polluted urban regions. In this study, the effects of aerosol–PBL interactions were examined over a megacity in China’s Central Plains by comparing ERA5 reanalysis data with multi-source ground-based observations. Key meteorological variables—including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity—were analyzed across pressure levels from 1000 to 800 hPa. Good agreement in wind direction was observed between ERA5 and observations (R² > 0.84), while wind speed showed a moderate correlation (R² = 0.54–0.73) with an RMSE of 1.85 m/s near 975 hPa. Temperature discrepancies were found to decrease with altitude, with RMSE values reducing from 3.02 K to 1.84 K, indicating a modulation of thermal stratification by aerosol radiative effects. A stable structure was revealed by humidity analysis near the surface but increased variability aloft, with absolute differences reaching ±30% at 850–800 hPa. Diurnal variations were characterized by night-time warming of up to +5 °C in the lower PBL and concurrent cooling above 800 hPa. The Heating and surface Dimming (HD) Index was found to correlate positively with PM_2.5 concentration (R = 0.60), reflecting increased thermal stability and vertical inhomogeneity under aerosol loading. These findings underscore the need for an improved understanding and mitigation of aerosol–PBL interactions to support sustainable urban air quality management strategies. Full article

25 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Revolution vs. Digital Leap: Decoding the Impact of Environmental Regulation on New Quality Productive Forces in China’s Yangtze River Basin

by Ziyi Luo, Hui Zhang, Lisi Jiang, Yue Zhang, Yuxin Zeng and Yue Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7216; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167216 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The development of New Quality Productive Forces (NQPF), fueled by simultaneous progress of informatization, digitalization, and ecologization, creates a transformative sustainability framework that connects economic growth and environmental protection. People usually think that environmental regulation enhances regional ecologization, thereby boosting total NQPF. Does [...] Read more.

The development of New Quality Productive Forces (NQPF), fueled by simultaneous progress of informatization, digitalization, and ecologization, creates a transformative sustainability framework that connects economic growth and environmental protection. People usually think that environmental regulation enhances regional ecologization, thereby boosting total NQPF. Does this hold true for China’s Yangtze River Basin? Utilizing panel data from 2015 to 2022, this study examines the impact of environmental regulation on NQPF across 86 prefecture-level cities in the basin. Our empirical results corroborate that environmental regulation exerts a statistically significant positive effect on digital NQPF development, which in turn contributes substantially to overall NQPF enhancement—This finding remains robust across alternative estimation methods. Our analysis further identifies three primary mechanisms driving this effect: industrial upgrading, technological innovation, and GDP growth. The effect is nonlinear and characterized by a threshold: in less developed areas, environmental regulation somewhat helps, whereas in more developed regions, reaching a certain strength significantly enhances both digital and overall productivity. Furthermore, environmental regulation demonstrates notable spillover effects: they enhance local outcomes while simultaneously improving digital and overall NQPF in neighboring regions. These findings offer strong evidence and valuable policy insights for advancing the digital transformation and high-quality sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin. Full article

26 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Formation and Evolution of the Resilience of Resource-Based Enterprises Under Continuous Institutional Shocks: An Explanation from the Perspective of Organizational Legitimacy

by Hong Chen, Zhiying Wang, Dongxia Liu and Linda Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7215; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167215 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

From the perspective of organizational legitimacy acquisition, this study elucidates the sources and formation pathways of resource-based enterprises’ resilience in the face of institutional shocks. It explores the evolution of resilience with the improvement of the resource-based enterprises’ legitimacy under institutional constraints. Using [...] Read more.

From the perspective of organizational legitimacy acquisition, this study elucidates the sources and formation pathways of resource-based enterprises’ resilience in the face of institutional shocks. It explores the evolution of resilience with the improvement of the resource-based enterprises’ legitimacy under institutional constraints. Using the new mining rights of the resource-based enterprises as the measured variable of organizational resilience under institutional shocks, this study describes the adaptability of the resource-based enterprises to institutional change from the subdivision dimension of pragmatic legitimacy and moral legitimacy. A multi-period fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) approach is adopted, which takes Chinese mining enterprises listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as samples to obtain the formation pathways and dynamic evolution characteristics of the resilience of the resource-based enterprises under the institutional shocks of the “supply-side structural reforms” (2016–2019) and the “dual-carbon” goals (2020–2022). The results indicate that the differences of institutional shock strength and constraint degree promote different resilience formation mechanisms. The high intensity and hard constraints of the supply-side structural reforms promote the high-resilience pathways of the enterprises based on pragmatic legitimacy. The guiding and incentive orientation of the “dual-carbon” goals promote more improvement in the moral legitimacy of the enterprises, forming high-resilience pathways of “pragmatic legitimacy + moral legitimacy”. Under continuous institutional shocks, influence legitimacy has a universal effect on the formation of high resilience by the resource-based enterprises, and structural legitimacy, as the core condition of the high-resilience pathways, demonstrates continuity. By increasing the subdivision dimension of moral legitimacy and mitigating the limitations of pragmatic legitimacy, resource-based enterprises can achieve breakthroughs in their pathways to high resilience. This study provides valuable insights and guidance for resource-based enterprises seeking to overcome future institutional shocks and achieve resilient growth. Full article

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19 pages, 3005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variable-Sized Green Mussel Shell Waste: Potential Use in Artificial Sand Production

by Pimthong Thongnopkun, Worachai Roubroumlert and Chutiparn Lertvachirapaiboon

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7214; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167214 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This article presents an innovative approach as a potential alternative for the reuse of discarded green mussel shells from the fishing and food sectors. This technique entails the use of harmless chemicals and the consumption of energy in an efficient manner to generate [...] Read more.

This article presents an innovative approach as a potential alternative for the reuse of discarded green mussel shells from the fishing and food sectors. This technique entails the use of harmless chemicals and the consumption of energy in an efficient manner to generate shell powder of different dimensions. The shell powder was categorized into three distinct sizes to investigate changes after heat treatment. SEM-EDS was used to analyze particle sizes before calcination and examine the microstructure of heated shell powder. FTIR spectroscopy was conducted to assess the purity of all sizes before and after calcination, showing excellent cleanliness suitable for practical applications. XRD spectroscopy was used to examine the crystal structure, while thermal characteristics and surface color changes during heat treatment were also analyzed due to their impact on final product quality. The variety in particle size enhances the potential for diverse industrial applications. Each size may be suitable for different artificial sand uses, as noted in the conclusion. The proposed method provides both environmental and economic advantages by converting shell waste into a sustainable substitute for artificial sand. It utilizes low-cost, readily available materials and aligns with circular economy principles by reducing shell waste accumulation and dependence on natural aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials, Waste Management, and Recycling)

19 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pragmatism in Eco-Economy and Social Influence in Environmental Policy Management

by Cristina-Teodora Bălăceanu, Alina-Iuliana Tăbîrcă, Florin Radu, Doina-Maria Tilea, Valentin Radu and Ionuț Drăgulescu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7213; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167213 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This research examines the integration of eco-economics principles into environmental policy management, with a focus on resource limitations and pollution resulting from economic activities. This study aims to identify rational behaviors in energy sector companies that promote sustainable production and consumption practices. A [...] Read more.

This research examines the integration of eco-economics principles into environmental policy management, with a focus on resource limitations and pollution resulting from economic activities. This study aims to identify rational behaviors in energy sector companies that promote sustainable production and consumption practices. A survey of 232 respondents, all employees from companies within the energy sector, was conducted to examine the inclination towards eco-efficient economic behavior and the impact of environmental policies on production processes. The research methodology combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, using econometric models and statistical analysis to interpret responses to a structured questionnaire. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of how companies can align their production methods with sustainable growth policies, mainly through creative and non-polluting technologies. This research highlights the importance of integrating environmental policy into business strategies to promote long-term sustainability and green economic practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Environmental Economics Toward Sustainability)

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52 pages, 8232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applicable and Flexible Post-Disaster Housing Through Parametric Design and 3D Printing: A Novel Model for Prototyping and Deployment

by Ali Mehdizade, Ahmad Walid Ayoobi and Mehmet Inceoğlu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167212 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity, causing escalating humanitarian crises and complex housing challenges globally. Traditional post-disaster housing solutions often fall short, being slow, costly, and ill-adapted to specific community needs. This study addresses these limitations by proposing an innovative, technology-driven [...] Read more.

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity, causing escalating humanitarian crises and complex housing challenges globally. Traditional post-disaster housing solutions often fall short, being slow, costly, and ill-adapted to specific community needs. This study addresses these limitations by proposing an innovative, technology-driven model for post-disaster housing that integrates parametric design with 3D printing. The objective is to develop a flexible and adaptable system capable of providing both immediate temporary shelter and evolving permanent housing solutions. In this study, the methodology of the proposed model for post-disaster housing solutions is structured around three main phases: the development of the theoretical framework, the parametric design process, and the implementation phase. In the first phase, a comprehensive literature review and conceptual analyses were conducted to examine the concept of disaster, post-disaster housing approaches, and advanced technologies, thereby establishing the conceptual foundation of the model. In the second phase, parametric modeling was carried out for a modular system using algorithmic design tools such as Grasshopper; the model’s applicability across various scales and its flexibility were analyzed. In the final phase, material selection and digital prototyping of the gridal system were undertaken using 3D printing technology to evaluate the model’s feasibility for rapid on-site production, assembly, and disassembly. The model prioritizes user participation, modularity, and configurability to ensure rapid response and socio-cultural sensitivity. Findings indicate that this integrated approach offers substantial benefits, including accelerated construction, reduced labor and material waste, enhanced design flexibility, and the use of local, sustainable materials. This research highlights the transformative potential of advanced manufacturing in providing resilient, user-centered, and environmentally sustainable post-disaster housing, advocating for governmental financial support to overcome adoption barriers and foster broader implementation. Full article

23 pages, 3775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Study of Carbon Emissions Peak Pathways in Chinese Building Sector: Incorporating Legal and Policy Text Quantification

by Zhixuan Dai, Shouxin Zhang and Dongzhi Guan

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167211 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The decarbonization process of the carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector exerts a profound impact on the achievement of the national goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Currently, there is limited literature quantifying the impact of laws and policies on the [...] Read more.

The decarbonization process of the carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector exerts a profound impact on the achievement of the national goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Currently, there is limited literature quantifying the impact of laws and policies on the achievement of carbon peak in the Chinese building sector and further utilizing deep learning technology to characterize the carbon emissions peak path under uncertainty in the Chinese building sector. To address this issue, a quantitative framework of legal and policy incentive intensity is constructed to capture both the immediate effects and the long-term evolution of laws and policies, and the index of legal and policy incentive intensity for carbon emissions in the building sector in China from 2010 to 2022 is calculated. Based on this, a dynamic scenario forecasting model for carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector is developed by integrating a CNN-BiLSTM-AM model with the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, embedded within the scenario analysis method. The model projects the dynamic trajectories of carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector under different scenarios from 2023 to 2050 and identifies effective schemes for controlling carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector. Results indicate that the growth in legal and policy incentive intensity was most significant during the 12th Five-Year Plan period in China. During the 13th Five-Year Plan in China, the legal and policy system became increasingly mature, leading to a diminishing marginal effect of newly issued policies. A negative growth in legal and policy incentive intensity was observed in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2021 to 2022, the annual growth rate of policy intensity began to rebound. Under the current scenario, carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector are projected to reach its carbon peak in 2036 (±1), with a peak level of 28.617 (±1.047) × 10⁸ t CO₂. Energy consumption per unit floor space, population size, legal and policy incentive intensity, integrated carbon emission factor, and floor space per capita are identified as the most critical factors influencing the timing and value of carbon peaking. The research methodology employed in this study not only provides scientific insights for the emission reduction efforts in the building sector but is also applicable to related studies in other industries’ energy conservation and emission reduction. It holds universal value for environmental policymakers and strategic planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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18 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Innovations Supporting Sustainable Development: The Case of the Polish Tire Industry

by Agnieszka Nowaczek, Zygmunt Kowalski, Joanna Kulczycka and Agnieszka Makara

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7210; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167210 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Valuable eco-innovations are emerging through increasingly close collaboration between the scientific community, industry, the energy sector, and public institutions supporting research, development, and the commercialization of new technologies that address specific market needs. Today, the implementation of eco-innovations is a key factor across [...] Read more.

Valuable eco-innovations are emerging through increasingly close collaboration between the scientific community, industry, the energy sector, and public institutions supporting research, development, and the commercialization of new technologies that address specific market needs. Today, the implementation of eco-innovations is a key factor across many sectors and constitutes a significant barrier to market entry. This study identifies the key drivers of the implementation of eco-innovation in the Polish tire industry, which ranks among the lowest in the EU in terms of the adoption of eco-innovation. Legal regulations—particularly those related to the circular economy and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)—emerged as the strongest drivers, as indicated by over 60% of the companies surveyed. Financial support and incentives, such as tax relief, were emphasized by 70% of respondents as crucial for accelerating eco-innovation. This study also highlights significant barriers, including limited access to capital (cited by 65% of respondents) and the high costs associated with eco-innovative methods. Green public procurement and the certification status were recognized as important, albeit less impactful, factors. Expert interviews confirm these findings, underscoring the need for improved public funding mechanisms and stronger legislative support to overcome the current stagnation. This research concludes that without such measures, progress in eco-innovation within the sector may remain slow, thereby hindering the achievement of sustainable development goals. Full article

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32 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Microbiome–Environmental Change Nexus to Contribute to a More Sustainable World: A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence Approaches

by Maria Inês Barbosa, Gabriel Silva, Pedro Ribeiro, Eduarda Vieira, André Perrotta, Patrícia Moreira and Pedro Miguel Rodrigues

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7209; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167209 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This review aims to explore the literature to assess the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental monitoring for predicting microbiome dynamics. Recognizing the significance of comprehending microorganism diversity, composition, and ecologically sustainable impact, the review emphasizes the importance of studying how microbiomes [...] Read more.

This review aims to explore the literature to assess the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental monitoring for predicting microbiome dynamics. Recognizing the significance of comprehending microorganism diversity, composition, and ecologically sustainable impact, the review emphasizes the importance of studying how microbiomes respond to environmental changes to better grasp ecosystem dynamics. This bibliographic search examines how AI (Machine Learning and Deep Learning) approaches are employed to predict changes in microbial diversity and community composition in response to environmental and climate variables, as well as how shifts in the microbiome can, in turn, influence the environment. Our research identified a final sample of 50 papers that highlighted a prevailing concern for aquatic and terrestrial environments, particularly regarding soil health, productivity, and water contamination, and the use of specific microbial markers for detection rather than shotgun metagenomics. The integration of AI in environmental microbiome monitoring directly supports key sustainability goals through optimized resource management, enhanced bioremediation approaches, and early detection of ecosystem disturbances. This study investigates the challenges associated with interpreting the outputs of these algorithms and emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of microbial physiology and ecological contexts. The study highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different AI methods for predicting environmental microbiomes through a critical review of relevant research publications. Furthermore, it outlines future directions, including exploring uncharted territories and enhancing model interpretability. Full article

12 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protected Cultivation with Drip Fertigation Is a Feasible Option for Growing High-Value Vegetables in Samoa: A Case Study

by Leslie T. Ubaub, Mohammed A. Kader, Nandakumar Desai, Oliver C. C. Ubaub and Mayday Cai

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167208 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Protected structures with drip fertigation systems have allowed many countries around the world to grow high-value vegetables, such as tomatoes and bell peppers year round, particularly under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. This paper evaluates the feasibility of tomato and bell pepper cultivation in Sunshine [...] Read more.

Protected structures with drip fertigation systems have allowed many countries around the world to grow high-value vegetables, such as tomatoes and bell peppers year round, particularly under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. This paper evaluates the feasibility of tomato and bell pepper cultivation in Sunshine Pacific Limited. Farm in Tanumalala, a commercial farm in Samoa, under a protected cultivation system with drip fertigation. The yield, water use efficiency, establishment and maintenance costs, and the average return per hectare of production were analyzed. Additionally, economic feasibility indicators were estimated using the discount factors of 6.5% and 11%. Results showed that the annual yield of tomatoes (163,500 kg/ha) was higher than bell peppers (103,500 kg/ha). The water use efficiency (WUE) and product water use (PWU) of these two crops in this study were less efficient compared to what was observed in other countries, as indicated by the value of the respective WUE and PWU: 8.38 kg/m³ and 0.12 m³/kg for tomatoes while 5.31 kg/m³ and 0.19 m³/kg for capsicum. Despite the high initial establishment cost, all economic feasibility parameters indicated that the system is profitable, having a BCR ratio of more than 2, and feasible under Samoa conditions, mostly due to the high market price. Thus, this system of cultivation could be an option for growing high-value vegetables in Samoa. However, further research is needed to improve the yield and water use efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Sciences: Climate-Smart Innovations for Sustainability and Resilient Ecosystems)

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19 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants and Prediction Model for Rural Bank Sustainability in Indonesia Post-COVID-19

by Devy Mawarnie Puspitasari, Jacky Chin and Sunita Dasman

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167207 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the key risk factors influencing the sustainability of rural banks in Indonesia following the COVID-19 pandemic. It develops a predictive model of rural bank sustainability using logistic regression analysis. The analysis identifies seven statistically significant financial indicators, and among the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the key risk factors influencing the sustainability of rural banks in Indonesia following the COVID-19 pandemic. It develops a predictive model of rural bank sustainability using logistic regression analysis. The analysis identifies seven statistically significant financial indicators, and among the three models proposed, Model 3 demonstrates the highest predictive accuracy, both in-sample and out-of-sample. Robustness tests confirm the reliability of this model. The findings highlight the importance for rural banks to improve their financial management, particularly in liquidity, credit expansion, and operational efficiency, to achieve long-term sustainability in a post-crisis economic landscape. Full article

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28 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Demand for Gastronomic Tourism—Characterization and Tourists’ Profiles

by Cristina Barzallo-Neira and Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fernández

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167206 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

A key aspect of ensuring efficient management of gastronomic tourism is understanding the demand behavior. The studies conducted so far are limited to analyzing this demand in specific destinations, making it impossible to extrapolate their results to obtain a global profile of the [...] Read more.

A key aspect of ensuring efficient management of gastronomic tourism is understanding the demand behavior. The studies conducted so far are limited to analyzing this demand in specific destinations, making it impossible to extrapolate their results to obtain a global profile of the gastronomic tourist. This study aims to address this gap by providing a more generalizable characterization and identifying a series of segments of gastronomic tourists. This has been achieved through a survey conducted with 421 gastronomic tourists on an international scale, using descriptive statistics and latent class analysis (LCA). The results obtained have provided insight into the behavior, willingness to pay, expectations, and experiences of those surveyed. From this, three segments of gastronomic tourists with clearly different profiles have been identified. These findings offer a precise understanding of the demand for gastronomic tourism and provide a strategic basis for designing tailored, conscious policies aimed at maximizing the cultural and economic value of the food heritage of different tourist destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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47 pages, 4546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Urban Green Energy Efficiency: An Empirical Test Based on Neural Network Models

by Yuanhe Du, Tianhang Liu, Wei Shang and Jia Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7205; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167205 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid progress of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly influenced urban green energy efficiency. Leveraging panel data from 271 cities in China spanning the period of 2010–2022, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the impact of AI on [...] Read more.

In recent years, the rapid progress of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly influenced urban green energy efficiency. Leveraging panel data from 271 cities in China spanning the period of 2010–2022, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the impact of AI on urban green energy efficiency from multiple perspectives, including green finance, industrial chain resilience, and the intensity of environmental regulation. The key findings are as follows: ① AI has a substantial positive effect on urban green energy efficiency, a conclusion that is consistently confirmed through multiple robustness tests; ② Heterogeneity analysis shows that the influence of AI varies markedly across different regions, city sizes, and whether cities are central, coastal, or transportation hubs, yet it maintains an overall positive correlation. However, its impact is relatively weaker in the northeastern region and in megacities; ③ Mechanism tests reveal that AI enhances urban green energy efficiency by improving green finance, strengthening industrial chain resilience, and intensifying environmental regulation; ④ Spatial spillover analysis indicates that AI exerts a positive spatial spillover effect on local urban green energy efficiency. Based on these findings, this paper offers targeted policy recommendations to enhance urban green energy efficiency and advance sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Economics: The Path to a Renewable Future)

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26 pages, 3786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of an Integrated DEMATEL-ISM-BN and Gray Clustering Model to Budget Quota Consumption Analysis in High-Standard Farmland Projects

by Jiaze Li, Xuenan Li, Kun Han and Chunsheng Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7204; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167204 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

To overcome the absence of a standardized budget quota system for high-standard farmland projects and the resultant extended compilation cycles and high workloads, this study systematically analyzes quota consumption and innovatively proposes an integrated DEMATEL-ISM-BN and gray clustering analytical model. Through a literature [...] Read more.

To overcome the absence of a standardized budget quota system for high-standard farmland projects and the resultant extended compilation cycles and high workloads, this study systematically analyzes quota consumption and innovatively proposes an integrated DEMATEL-ISM-BN and gray clustering analytical model. Through a literature review and engineering feature analysis, a hierarchical factor system was established, encompassing six dimensions (environmental, technical, labor, machinery, material, and management) and 24 indicators. The DEMATEL-ISM method quantified factor weights and structured them into a five-level hierarchy, while Bayesian networks (BNs) enabled probabilistic productivity predictions (29% conservative, 45% moderate, and 26% advanced). Gray clustering was integrated to derive a comprehensive representative consumption value, and validation across six regions demonstrated a comprehensive productivity index of 0.986 (CV = 2.6%) for 17 earthwork projects, confirming model robustness. This research constructs a standardized “factor structure analysis–probabilistic deduction–regional clustering” framework, providing a theoretical foundation for precise budget compilation in high-standard farmland and proposing a novel methodological paradigm for quota consumption research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Management Practices and Productivity (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 7166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Reaction of Dissolved Organic Matter with Birnessite Induced by Humic and Fulvic Acids in Flooded Paddy Soil

by Xiangbiao Zhang, Xin Zhou, Yanyue Ma, Wenjin Zhang, Ruihua Zhang and Weiwei Zhai

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7203; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167203 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) oxides exhibit significant potential to either stabilize or destabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) through the polymerization and/or oxidation of organic molecules via organo-mineral interactions. Birnessite (MnO₂) is known to strongly interact with soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is [...] Read more.

Manganese (Mn) oxides exhibit significant potential to either stabilize or destabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) through the polymerization and/or oxidation of organic molecules via organo-mineral interactions. Birnessite (MnO₂) is known to strongly interact with soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is DOM composition-dependent. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) are commonly used as organic fertilizers in soils. In this study, the contrasting reaction of DOM with birnessite in flooded paddy soil with HA and FA amendment was investigated at a molecular level. The results demonstrated that HA amendment enhanced the reaction of phenolic compounds in soil DOM with birnessite, leading to the formation of condensed aromatic compounds and polymeric products (PP) with higher molecular weights and aromaticity. This suggests that HA amendment enhances the birnessite-induced polymerization of soil DOM. In contrast, FA facilitated the birnessite-induced oxidation of soil DOM, yielding dicarboxylic acids (DA), monocarboxylic acids (MA), and quinones products (QP). These findings demonstrate that the reactivity of soil DOM with birnessite is significantly influenced by the composition of DOM exogenously added. This study provides comprehensive understandings of the interactions among Mn and C and helps to predict behaviors of DOM molecules in flooded paddy soil, which is critical for optimizing sustainable soil management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)

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